Which of the following intravenous solutions is characterized as hypertonic?

A hypertonic solution is one that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the fluid in the cells or the surrounding environment, which leads to water moving out of the cells by osmosis. In this scenario, 10% dextrose in water (D10W) is classified as hypertonic because it possesses a higher concentration of dextrose than the body's cells.

When D10W is administered, it creates an osmotic gradient that causes cells to release water into the extracellular space, thereby potentially causing cellular shrinkage. This can be useful in clinical situations where fluid shifts are necessary, such as in managing certain types of edema or when raising blood sugar levels rapidly.

In contrast, the other solutions listed are either isotonic or hypotonic. For example, 0.45% Sodium Chloride is hypotonic, and Lactated Ringer's solution is isotonic, meaning they do not create the same osmotic effects as the hypertonic D10W. Understanding these concepts is vital for proper fluid management in clinical practice.