What could potentially cause peptic ulcer disease?

Peptic ulcer disease is primarily caused by factors that disrupt the balance of protective and aggressive factors in the stomach and duodenum. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are well-documented as contributing to the development of peptic ulcers. They work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which not only mediate inflammation but also protect the gastric mucosa by promoting mucus and bicarbonate secretion. When NSAIDs are used excessively or over a prolonged period, they can lead to increased gastric acid production and decrease the stomach's defense mechanisms, making the lining more susceptible to injury and ulceration.

In contrast, the other options do not have a direct role in the etiology of peptic ulcers. Antibiotics, while potentially disruptive to the gut flora, do not directly cause peptic ulcers. A high-fiber diet is actually beneficial for digestive health and may help prevent gastrointestinal issues rather than cause them. Regular exercise is associated with overall health improvements and has not been shown to have a negative effect leading to peptic ulcers. Understanding the implications of NSAID use highlights the importance of monitoring and managing risk factors for peptic ulcer disease.