What are common symptoms associated with end-stage renal disease?

The correct choice identifies symptoms that are commonly associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Fatigue is a prevalent symptom because the kidneys are unable to effectively filter waste products and maintain a proper balance of electrolytes, leading to a buildup of toxins that can cause weakness and tiredness. Fluid retention occurs as the kidneys lose their ability to excrete excess fluid, resulting in swelling, especially in the legs, ankles, and other areas of the body. Changes in urination, including a decrease in urine output or changes in its appearance, are also typical as kidney function declines.

The other options contain symptoms that are less characteristic of end-stage renal disease. For instance, diarrhea and weight loss can occur in various conditions but are not specific symptoms of ESRD. Similarly, headaches, muscle cramps, and fever may arise from other health issues but do not directly describe the hallmark symptoms associated with advanced kidney failure. This distinction helps in differentiating between various medical conditions and understanding what signs may indicate the progression of kidney disease specifically.